Bài 18: Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ Là Gì? Cách Sử Dụng Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ

Chúng ta có thể sử dụng các mệnh đề quan hệ để nối hai câu tiếng Anh, hoặc để cung cấp thêm thông tin về một cái gì đó.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Mệnh đề hạn định và mệnh đề không hạn định:

Một mệnh đề hạn định (A defining relative clause ) cho biết danh từ chúng ta đang nói về:

• I like the woman who lives next door.

Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn (A non-defining relative clause )cho chúng ta thêm thông tin về một cái gì đó. Chúng ta không cần thông tin này để hiểu câu. Chúng cần 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy trong câu .

• I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

Defining relative clauses:
1. Đại từ quan hệ là chủ từ:

Mệnh đề đứng sau tân ngữ của câu:

• I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.
• We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

Mệnh đề đứng sau chủ từ của câu.

• The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
• The man who / that phoned is my brother.
• The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
• The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2. Đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò là tân ngữ:

Mệnh đề đứng sau tân ngữ:

• She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
• We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
• John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
• The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

Mệnh đề đứng sau chủ từ:

• The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
• The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
• The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
• The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Non-defining relative clauses: mệnh đề không hạn định

Chúng ta không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề không hạn định (tức là That không đứng sau dấu phẩy) và That không đứng sau giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

(Clause comes after the subject)

Mệnh đề đứng sau chủ từ:

• My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
• My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
• My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
• My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

Mệnh đề đứng sau tân ngữ :

• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
• The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
• Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
• I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses giới từ và mệnh đề quan hệ:

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause (Nếu 1 động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ cần giới từ đi kèm. Chúng ta đặt giới từ cuối câu):

For example:

listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' luôn theo sau là danh từ chỉ người hoặc chỉ vật . để chỉ sự sở hữu.

VD: The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

Chúng ta đôi khi có thể sử dụng những từ nghi vấn này thay vì các đại từ quan hệ và giới từ.

I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.