Bài 21: ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

Chúng ta có thể sử dụng đảo ngược trong một số tình huống khác nhau bằng tiếng Anh. Sự đảo ngược chỉ có nghĩa là đặt động từ trước chủ từ. Chúng ta thường làm đảo ngữ dưới dạng câu hỏi:
Ví dụ: câu thông thường: You are tired. (chủ từ “you” đứng trước động từ “are” .)
Câu hỏi: Are you tired? (động từ “are” đứng trước “you” , chúng đã thay đổi vị trí, chúng được gọi là “ đảo ngữ (inversion) .

Trong hầu hết các động từ của động từ tiếng Anh, khi chúng ta muốn sử dụng đảo ngược, chúng ta chỉ cần di chuyển động từ đến trước chủ từ . Nếu có nhiều hơn một động từ, vì một động từ có động từ trợ động chẳng hạn, chúng ta di chuyển động từ đầu tiên.

Với động từ động từ khác, chúng ta thay đổi vị trí của chủ từ và động từ trợ động (trợ động đầu tiên nếu có nhiều hơn một). Chúng ta không di chuyển các phần khác của động từ:
Present continuous:  am I going / are you going
Past continuous: was he going / were they going
Present perfect: have we gone / has she gone
Present perfect continuous:  has she been going / have they been going
Past perfect:  had you gone
Past perfect continuous:  had he been going
Future simple: will they go
Future continuous: will you be going
Future perfect: will they have gone
Future perfect continuous: will she have been going
Modal verbs: should I go / would you go

Khi nào chúng ta sử dụng đảo ngữ?
chúng ta sử dụng đảo ngược trong các câu hỏi. Nhưng đôi khi chúng ta sử dụng đảo ngược trong các trường hợp khác, khi chúng ta không đặt câu hỏi.

1. Khi chúng ta sử dụng một trạng từ phủ định hoặc trạng từ phủ định ở đầu câu:
Thông thường, chúng ta để nhấn mạnh những gì chúng ta đang nói. Nó làm cho âm thanh câu của chúng tôi gây bất ngờ hoặc nổi bật hoặc bất thường..
Nếu bạn không muốn tạo ấn tượng này, bạn có thể đặt biểu hiện tiêu cực sau trong câu theo cách thông thường:

• Seldom have I seen such beautiful work.
  

(Seldom được đặt đầu câu, đây được gọi là “đảo ngữ”. Câu này để nhấn mạnh tác phẩm đẹp.)

• I have seldom seen such beautiful work.
  

(Seldom được đặt vị trí thông thường. Đây là câu bình thường và không có sự nhấn mạnh đặc biệt. )
Dưới đây là một số trạng từ phủ định hoặc cụm trạng từ mà chúng ta thường sử dụng trong đảo ngữ :

Hardly	Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang.
Never	Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before.
Seldom	Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.
Rarely	Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.
Only then	Only then did I understand why the tragedy had happened.
Not only ... but	Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes.
No sooner	No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell.
Scarcely	Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of a car.
Only later	Only later did she really think about the situation.
Nowhere	Nowhere have I ever had such bad service.
Little	Little did he know!
Only in this way	Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive.
In no way	In no way do I agree with what you're saying.
On no account	On no account should you do anything without asking me first.

Trong sự diễn giải tiếp theo, đảo ngược xuất hiện trong phần thứ hai của câu:
Not until     Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe.
Not since     Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time.
Only after     Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there.
Only when   Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm.
Only by     Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.

2.Chúng ta có thể sử dụng đảo ngược thay vì 'if' trong câu điều kiện bằng 'had' 'were' và 'should'.

• Câu dk (3)  thông thường : If I had been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
• Câu dk  (3) với đảo ngữ : Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
• Câu dk (2)thông thường: IF  I won the prize, I wouldn't spend it on things I don't need.
• Câu dk (2) với đảo ngữ: Were I to win   the prize, I wouldn't spend it on things I don't need.
• Câu dk(1) thông thường  : If you  require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.
• Câu dk(1) với đảo ngữ:  Should you require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.

3. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng đảo ngược sau 'so + adjective ... that':
So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else.
(câu thông thường: the girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.)
So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite.
 (câu thông thường: the food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.)

Change the normal sentence into one with inversion. For example: "We had hardly arrived when Julie burst into the house" ->
"Hardly had we arrived when Julie burst into the house".
1.John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant.
->
2.I in no way want to be associated with this project.
->
3.They had no sooner eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining table.
->
4.I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam.
->
5.I seldom leave my house so early.
->
6.People rarely appreciate this musician's talent.
->
7.We would understand what had happened that night only later.
->
8.They had met such rude people nowhere before.
->
9.He understood little about the situation.
->
10.The children should on no account go on their own.
->

View Answers:

1. Never had John been to such a fantastic restaurant.
2. In no way do I want to be associated with this project.
3. No sooner had hey eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining table.
4. Scarcely had I finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam.
5. Seldom do I leave my house so early.
6. Rarely do people appreciate this musician's talent.
7. Only later would we understand what had happened that night.
8. Nowhere had they met such rude people before.
9. Little did he understand about the situation.
10. On no account should the children go on their own.

1. (the books/be)  .............................cheaper, I would have bought them all.

2. (the Prime Minister/fail) ..........................to get the necessary support, he would be forced to call a snap election.

3. (the evidence/not be destroyed)......................, the accused would have been found guilty.

4. (you/need) .........................any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us.

5. (the ship/ not capsize) ..............................., there would have been more survivors.

6. (I/win) ............................the prize, I wouldn't spend it on things I don't need.

7. (the storm/be) .................at night, the rescue team wouldn't have found the lost boy scouts.

8. (he/decide) ......................to come, please let me know as soon as possible.

9. (I/ be offered) .................the job, I would have to think about it.

10. (you/have).......................any further questions, please ask to see the manager.

View Answers:

1. Had the books been cheaper, I would have bought them all.
2. Were The prime minister to fail to get the necessary support, he would be forced to call a snap election.
3. Had the evidence not been destroyed, the accused would have been found guilty.
4. Should you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us.
5. Had the ship not capsized, there would have been more survivors.
6. Were I to win   the prize, I wouldn't spend it on things I don't need.
7. Had the storm been at night, the rescue team wouldn't have found the lost boy scouts.
8. Should he decide to come, please let me know as soon as possible.
9. Were i to be offered the job, I would have to think about it.
10. Should you have any further questions, please ask to see the manager.